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The Anglo-Japanese Alliance, 1902-1922 (Routledge Studies in the Modern History of Asia), by Phillips O'Brien
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The Anglo-Japanese Alliance was the first formal agreement of its type reached by a Western 'great' power with a non-Caucasian nation in the modern era. As such, it represented an important milestone diplomatically, strategically and culturally. This book brings together many leading experts who examine the different aspects of the Alliance in its different stages before, during and after the First World War, who explore the reasons for its success and for its end, and who reach a number of interesting and innovative conclusions on the agreement's ultimate importance.
- Sales Rank: #4244011 in Books
- Published on: 2009-05-16
- Released on: 2009-04-29
- Original language: English
- Number of items: 1
- Dimensions: 9.21" h x .68" w x 6.14" l, .93 pounds
- Binding: Paperback
- 300 pages
Review
'O'Brein has put together an excellent group of essays. They are particularly relevant to those interested in Anglo-Japanese relations, near eastern international relations and modern Japanese history.' - War in History
About the Author
Phillips Payson O'Brien is the Director of the Scottish Centre for War Studies and a senior lecturer in history at the University of Glasgow. His previous publications include British and American Naval Power: Politics and Policy 1900-1936, Technology and Naval Combat in the Twentieth Century and Beyond and articles in Past and Present and the Journal of Strategic Studies.
Most helpful customer reviews
3 of 3 people found the following review helpful.
Excellent Series of Essays on a Forgotten Subject Which Had Significant Impact on the Coming of War in the Pacific
By NavyTim
I am writing a history thesis on the causes of WWII in the Pacific and this book is only book I found about the Anglo-Japanese Alliance. Britain’s abrogation of the Alliance’s by the UK was in my opinion one of the poor decisions that led to the end of British Empire in the Far East and led to WWII. This book is a series of essays on the Alliance and provides great insight into the topic. The essays cover the conditions that led to the creation of the Alliance, antecedents to the Alliance, cooperation between Britain and Japan under the Alliance, navalism, effect on relations with Australia, Pan-Asianism and effect on British colony of India, effect on race relations, Japanese arms industry benefit from close relations with Britain, public perception of the Alliance in Britain and Japan, alternatives to the Alliance finance and cultural effects.
The threat of Russia to British interests in India and the Far East led to Britain needing an ally in the region. Since its forced opening in 1854 the Japanese realized that to prevent being colonized they were going to have to westernize and industrialize their nation. Japan went on a crash course industrialization program that would despite inferior comparisons with the British economy vaulted the Japanese into being a world player. Their defeat of China in 1894 utilizing a Western style military shocked and surprised the West and made Japan an attractive ally candidate to Britain. The Japanese were open to a treaty because of its concern about Russia in regards to its now sole possession of Korea and interests in Manchuria. The Russians refused Japanese interest in an agreement for both nations to recognize the others interests. The resulting Russo-Japanese War was won by Japan which made Japan the 600 pound gorilla in the region. The British began to have second thoughts about the alliance despite Japan coming to the assistance of Britain in WWI. To appease American interests the Alliance was replaced by the Five and Nine Power Treaties that came out of Washington Naval Arms Limitation Treaty of 1922.
Britain was unnecessarily concerned about its relations with the US following WWI so gave up a direct defense alliance with Japan for a treaty among the US, Britain, Japan, France and the Dutch that required no actions of any signatories in case of attack in the Far East. It was a treaty unlike the Anglo-Japanese Alliance with no teeth. British courting of the US after WWI was pointless in the first place despite mutual war planning and belief that commercial rivalry eventually led to war because it was clear after the 1902-03 Venezuela crisis where Britain backed down to US demands that there was never going to be a war between Britain and the US. Britain gave de-facto recognition to the US Monroe Doctrine. British concerns about US out building Royal Navy should have been ignored. It is doubtful US public would have allowed that to happen considering their hostility to war and war preparation after WWI but even if the fleet was built it never would have been used against Britain. It was an irrational and baseless fear stemming more from Royal Navy pride than anything else. Canada was an excellent intermediary with both nations and would never have allowed a misunderstanding to have gotten out of hand resulting in a pointless war between the US and Britain.
Essays talk about American and Australian racist polices that concerned the British because of the likelihood that the policies would alienate the Japanese. This institutional racism would become a factor in eventual Japanese hostility to the West and rise of Pan-Asianism. John Chapman in a fascinating essay talks about secret Japanese and British cooperation in the unrestricted sharing of intelligence between Britain and Japan until the British become wary of the Pan-Asianism movement in Japan. Antony Best discussed the initial British request to get a commitment of land forces from Japan to defend India from Russia but dropped the request with concern about the Pan-Asianist threat.
Frederick Dickinson in his essay talks about Japanese opinion of the Alliance and other alternatives available to Japan. He notes the preference of Japan for the Russian/German style of autocratic government compared to British/American Democracy which caused some in Japan to pine for closer relations with Germany and Russia after the Russo-Japanese War. The author noted the existence the manifestation of these desires with the Russo-Japanese conventions in 1910, 1912 and 1916 with the 1912 accord being secret and dividing Inner Mongolia between the two. Japanese commercial interests and the army favored an alliance with Russia to align their mutual interests and to protect the region from US/Britain encroachment. The insistence of Britain to amend the treaty upon its 1911 renewal to not include war against nations with which it had an arbitration agreement resulted in the exclusion of the US as an aggressor that Britain would engage in war. This gave the Japanese even greater pause as to the value of the Alliance.
Another fascinating essay talks about the contributions made to the Japanese armament industry by Britain which the author, John Ferris, believes resulted in otherwise unobtainable rapid advance in the Japanese arms industry. It should give pause to the United States which promotes weapon sales to reduce its own production costs. In the case of Britain it is another factor that calls into question the ending of the alliance. Once the British had made a 20 year commitment to Japan including improving its arms industry then it should have realized it was past the point of no return with Japan and should have maintained the Alliance regardless of American opinion.
These are excellent thought provoking essays and should be read in conjunction with The Royal Navy and Strategy in the Far East 1919-1939. The British strategy as talked about in the recommended book went from maintenance of a strong squadron with battleships in the Far East to denuding the region of capital ships with rise of Germany prior to WWI. Post WWI the plan was to sortie a large fleet to the Far East with planned bases for replenishment and repair to post Washington Treaty recognition that decline of Royal Navy strength meant that it would only be possible to send a couple capital ships to raid lines of communication. After the Washington Treaty it should have been more obvious than ever that the British needed the Alliance with Japan to protect its Far East assets. Highly recommended.
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